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Under Niagara's Tunnel




  
Imagine a tunnel more than ten storeys underground, a hundred years old, bricklined, wet, and completely inaccessible save by descending through a narrow slit in its ceiling thirty feet above the floor, and then returning up the same rope you came down.

Now imagine that this tunnel flows into Niagara Falls, emerging behind the pummeling curtain of water that nearly everyone in North America journeys to see at some point in their lives.

This tunnel exists. In the autumn of 2004, thanks to the work of two people with the experience and equipment to make it happen, I had the chance to feel Niagara Falls.

Hydroelectric generating stations work by capturing the kinetic energy of falling water and converting it into mechanical energy using a turbine and then into electricity in a generator mounted at the other end of the turbine. At the beginning of the twentieth century, this technology had just begun to reach industrial maturity, and something of a race developed among competing private interests to capture the gravitational potential of the most spectacular water feature in Eastern North America, Niagara Falls.

One such group of investors formed the Ontario Power Company, laid great conduits beneath the land along the upper river, and took up residence on a thin strip of useable land in the gorge just downstream of the Falls. Water was piped from an inlet upriver of the falls and dropped through penstocks to the plant in the gorge where it spun turbines and was then returned immediately to the lower river just out in front of the plant.

The Toronto-based investors that formed the Electrical Development Company (which later became the Toronto Power Company), not having the benefit of such convenient real estate, had no choice but to pursue a different strategy: dig.

The wheelpit of the Toronto Power Company's hydroelectric station reaches deep into the bedrock just upstream of the falls. While the plant was operating, water fell through great iron penstocks hung in space in the inside of this chasm to the turbines seated in the floor at the very bottom of the pit. These turbines then spun shafts that reached the entire distance back up to the surface where they turned the generators that powered some of the first electrical industries and lighting in Southwestern Ontario.

Its gravitational potential exhausted, the water was released into two discharge conduits dug one to each side of the lowest level of the wheel pit. These joined a short distance north of the plant, and from there flowed beneath the upper river to the edge of the Falls, emerging behind the spectacular Horseshoe curtain.

The Toronto Power Co. plant had been abandoned for thirty years by the time myself and several other people began exploring it in 2003. As the river had begun eating its way into the wheelpit through leaks in the foundation and forebay of the building above it, the air within became choked with moisture and the metal catwalks, penstocks and turbine shafts rotted away
in the darkness.
In those intervening thirty years, the wheelpit's intermediate catwalk levels had become deadly. Beyond the spiral staircase that swept us down to the first level below the switch-locker-filled basement, there was a nearly endless descent down the one passable stairway, well-built but still precarious and untrustworthy in the soaking darkness. It was a trip into an elemental place where everywhere there was water, and beyond that only the crumbling guts of this strange building and the hint of something great and old sleeping somewhere below us.

And when we reached the lowest levels of the pit, carefully lowering ourselves through the caged ladder that was our only route back to a place where a sun shone and rain fell from the heavens only intermittently, we found a wonder buried below a thundering river for all eternity. We pushed through the rushing overpressure to look down the narrow shafts that provide the sole access into the plant's tailrace, and were struck dumb by the size, depth and construction of the two conduits that fed it. And then we tried to imagine how we could get down into it without getting ourselves killed or trapped at the bottom.

I've never felt deeper and more completely embraced by the earth around me than I did when I got the chance to enter the tailrace and push through rising waters to stand in Niagara's secret mists. The specifics of how we did it are best left unreported -- those with sufficient ability and experience to do what my expert acquaintances did for us would have already (the plant is now being renovated by the Niagara Parks Commission, as a result of which the wheelpit is on the verge of becoming completely inaccessible).

Lying below a river that will relentlessly tear into the bedrock until all has been obliterated from Queenston to Erie, this tunnel thirty-three feet in diameter is imprinted into my being forever. A swirling army of red brick millions strong, the eye of a petrified hurricane leading us right into the centre of the stalled but fighting storm that is Niagara Falls. Standing in its back-blast, in a place far deeper and darker than any middling storm sewer, I breathed and drank from the fount of the universe and swam closer to its centre than I ever will again. 

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Angina pectoris ??


A few week ago my friends suddenly die in her room, she said she just get exhausted and she just want to take a rest for a while. But when she's mom came to wake her up she's already gone. The doctor said it was Angina Pectoris that make she died.

so What is Angina Pectoris?

Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe chest paindue to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries. The term derives from the Greek ankhon ("strangling") and the Latin pectus ("chest"), and can therefore be translated as "a strangling feeling in the chest".



It is not common to equate severity of angina with risk of fatal cardiac events. There is a weak relationship between severity of pain and degree of oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle (i.e. there can be severe pain with little or no risk of a heart attack, and a heart attack can occur without pain).

Worsening ("crescendo") angina attacks, sudden-onset angina at rest, and angina lasting more than 15 minutes are symptoms of unstable angina (usually grouped with similar conditions as the acute coronary syndrome). As these may herald myocardial infarction (a heart attack), they require urgent medical attention and are generally treated as a presumed heart attack.

Symptoms

Most patients with angina complain of chest discomfort rather than actual pain: the discomfort is usually described as a pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation.

Go to a hospital emergency department if the patient has any of the following with chest pain:

  * Other symptoms such as:

  o sweating,

  o weakness,

  o faintness,

  o numbness or tingling, or

  o nausea

  * Pain that does not go away after a few minutes

  * Pain that is of concern in any way


Apart from chest discomfort, anginal pains may also be experienced in the epigastrium (upper central abdomen), back, neck, jaw, or shoulders, following skin dermatomes.

Typical locations for radiation of pain are arms (often inner left arm), shoulders, and neck into the jaw.

Angina is typically precipitated by exertion or emotional stress. It is exacerbated by having a full stomach and by cold temperatures. Pain may be accompanied by breathlessness, sweating and nausea in some cases. It usually lasts for about 3 to 5 minutes, and is relieved by rest or specific anti-angina medication. Chest pain lasting only a few seconds is normally not angina.

Myocardial ischemia comes about when the myocardia (the heart muscles) receive insufficient blood and oxygen to function normally either because of increased oxygen demand by the myocardia or by decreased supply to the myocardia. This inadequate perfusion of blood and the resulting reduced delivery of oxygen and nutrients is directly correlated to blocked or narrowed blood vessels.

Some experience "autonomic symptoms" (related to increased activity of the autonomic nervous system) such as nausea, vomiting and pallor.

Major risk factors for angina include cigarette smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, sedentary lifestyle and family history of premature heart disease.

A variant form of angina (Prinzmetal's angina) occurs in patients with normal coronary arteries or insignificant atherosclerosis. It is thought to be caused by spasms of the artery. It occurs more in younger women.

Diagnosis

In angina patients who are momentarily not feeling any chest pain, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is typically normal, unless there have been other cardiac problems in the past. During periods of pain, depression or elevation of the ST segment may be observed. To elicit these changes, an exercise ECG test ("treadmill test") may be performed, during which the patient exercises to their maximum ability before fatigue, breathlessness or, importantly, pain supervenes; if characteristic ECG changes are documented (typically more than 1 mm of flat or downsloping ST depression), the test is considered diagnostic for angina. The exercise test is also useful in looking for other markers of myocardial ischaemia: blood pressure response (or lack thereof, particularly a drop in systolic pressure), dysrhythmia and chronotropic response. Other alternatives to a standard exercise test include a thallium scintigram (in patients that cannot exercise enough for the purposes of the treadmill tests, e.g., due to asthma or arthritis or in whom the ECG is too abnormal at rest) or Stress Echocardiography.

In patients in whom such noninvasive testing is diagnostic, a coronary angiogram is typically performed to identify the nature of the coronary lesion, and whether this would be a candidate for angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), treatment only with medication, or other treatments. In patients who are in hospital with unstable angina (or the newer term of "high risk acute coronary syndromes"), those with resting ischaemic ECG changes or those with raised cardiac enzymes such as troponin may undergo coronary angiography directly.

Treatment

NITRATE MEDICATIONSNitroglycerin is usually given during an acute attack of angina. It can be given as a tablet that dissolves under the tongue or as a spray. There are also longer-lasting types that can be used to prevent angina.These may be given as pills, or applied as patches or ointments.
BLOOD THINNERS



A small, daily dose of aspirin has been shown to decrease the risk of heart attack. Patients who have had unstable angina or a heart attack may benefit from the addition of warfarin (ie, coumadin), though there is an increased risk of bleeding with this medication.

BETA-BLOCKERS and CALCIUM-CHANNEL BLOCKERS

When used regularly (not as treatment for acute angina), these medications may reduce the occurrence of angina.

CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING MEDICATIONS

These may prevent the progression of coronary artery disease and may even improve existing coronary artery disease.

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE)INHIBITORS and ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARBs)

These medications lower blood pressure and are especially beneficial for patients who had a heart attack in the past. They also decrease the workload on the heart.

SURGERY

Patients with severe angina or unstable, progressing angina may benefit from:

* Coronary artery bypass graft

* Coronary angioplasty


PREVENTION

If one already has angina, he/she can prevent its onset by being aware of the activities or conditions which tend to bring it on.

If one doesn't have angina, preventing the development and/or progression of coronary artery disease may reduce the chance of getting angina.

Steps to prevent coronary artery disease include managing risk factors:

* Maintain a healthy weight.

* Begin a safe exercise program with the advice of the doctor.

* Stop smoking.



* Eat a healthful diet, one that is low in saturated fat and rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

* Appropriately treat high blood pressure and/or diabetes.

* Appropriately treat abnormal cholesterol levels or high triglycerides .


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A wonderfull Kids

this one from my milist too......enjoy

 This is a collection of human species from various countries. Human-human following is one of a thousand births:

1. Kim Yong-ung: Human-with Highest  IQ in the World
Born in 1962, Ss as a human genius in the world. Imagine  At 4 years old, he can already read the letter of Japan, Korea, Germany, UK. At the age of 5 years he was able break the problem in a matter of calculus. he himself notes in the Guinness Book of World Records with the "Highest IQ" 210.

2. Gregory Smith: Get The Nobel In the Age of 12

Born in 1990, Gregory Smith notes the name on the nobel peace. owing to establish businesses in the International Youth Advocates. Young people gathering around the world.
He never met directly with President Bush, and also Michael Gorbacev ...

3. Akrit Jaswal: Doctors Surgery age 7 years

Nickname "the smartest  children in the world" has been attached to the Akrit Jaswal, a children from India. It was surprising Public, when at the age of 7 years doing surgery on a girl at a local place. the girl suffered burns on the hands, until the hands can not be opened, and perform surgery until jaswalpun finger girl could open as usual.
At this time, she was a young doctor in the world, he received the University at the age of 11 years.

4. Cleopatra Stratan: a singer girl 3 Year age with a  Salary 1000 € per track

Born On 6 October 2002 in Chisinau. it is the registrar in the history of the music industry as a vocalist. With the 2006 album La vârsta de trei ani ( "at the age of 3"). He recorded a record little  artists who appear on stage with thousands of fans. He also received MTV Artist Award in  youngest artist that record # 1 Hit

5. Andre Aelita: painter at the age of 2 years

Children born in Australia, the new age of two years has showed its quality as a genius, he has a showtimes for building his abstract works .
In the beginning Mark Jamieson, director of the Brunswick Street Gallery in Melbourne's Fitzroy. Poto Tretarik see a painting of Aelita Andre. and he want to join the group because of the talent paintings. When the invitation was made, he just realized that Aelita is still a child aged 22 months. But he still continue that show.

6. Saul Aaron Kripke: Teaching at Havard when Still  Sit in theHigh School

Born in New York and growing up in Omaha in 1940. Genius this one, when it was the four-class algebra, at the end of elementary geometry can have it, calculus and philosophy. During high school he obtained a letter from Harvard in order to apply as a lecturer, but his mother told him to finish school first.
Kripke prize Schock Prize, Nobel Philosophy. Now, he called as a philosopher in history

7. Kevin Michael Keaulus being a college student at the age of 10 years

Kaerny, born in 1984, he completed college at the age of 10 years. and recorded as a youngest  undergraduate. he teaches a university at the age of 17 years. his name showoff when the mare he won a quiz online. In 2006, he reached the final sign Burnett / aol Gold Rush, the game / puzzle, and a winner of the first 1 million in online reality game.

8. Luigi Fabiano Caruana: Grandmaster at the age of 14

this American iTaly citizen child  is really genius. In 2007 he obtained his Grandmaster, 11 months, 20 days. history has recorded the name in the youngest Grandmaster.
And recently in April 2009, he obtained Elo rating 2649, in the age under 18 years old, mark him as some of the person who made the highest ranking , and stunning, this is done even before the age of 18.

9. Willie Mosconi: Bilyard Professional player at the age of 6

Get the nickname "Mr. Pocket Billiards". He comes from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father, an owner Billyard place, but his father does not permit him to play , he often improvised with a broomstick property of the mother. His father saw his son talent, he often beat those of older player.
Between the years 1941 and 1957, he won BCA World Championship for 15 times without perbah even less. he made various tricks, making a lot of record, and make billyard become a popular sport


10. Elaina Smith: broadcaster at Age 7 years
In the age of 7 years elaina has been a broadcaster with the listener that is over age. Elaina provide many solutions to the romance of her listener . How to decide my boyfriend, How to build a harmonious relationship. really mad

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The Logic of Number

unique isn't?

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ALZHEIMER

Please try a Test ALZHEIMER free !!!!*

 
1. Find the letter "C" below. Do not use the help cursor.

 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO COOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O

 

 

2. If you have found the letter "C", now find the number "6" below.

 

9999999999999999999 9999999999999999 999999999999999 99999999999999

9999999999999999999 9999999999999999 999999999999999 99999999999999999

9999999999999999999 9999999999999999 999999999999999 99999999999999999

9999699999999999999 9999999999999999 999999999999999 99999999999999999

9999999999999999999 9999999999999999 999999999999999 99999999999999999

9999999999999999999 9999999999999999 999999999999999 99999999999999

 

 

 

3. Now find the letter "N" at the bottom. This is somewhat more difficult.

 

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MNMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM mmmmmm MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM mmmmmm MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM mmmmmm MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

 

 

4. Now find the letter "O" at the bottom. This is somewhat more difficult.

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQOQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

 

 

5. Now find the letter "I" at the bottom. This is somewhat more difficult.

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLI LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LL

 

This is not a joke, frens

If you can pass this test, then you can cancel the plan visits to specialists neurologi your brain is still good and far from Alzheimer's Disease. Congratulations!

 

For your info

Senility or Alzheimer disease is a similar decrease in nerve function of the brain that the complex and progressive. Alzheimer's Disease is not contagious disease.

Alzheimer patients experienced a decrease in the power remember so severe that the sufferer is no longer able to manage themselves.

 

Alzheimer classified as one type of dementia is marked with a lower speaking ability, the ability to think healthy, the mind, consider the ability, the changes in personality and behavior is not restrained. The situation is very burdening patients and family members also need to maintain and merawatnya. Decreasing function of the memory also influence the function of intellectual and social penderitanya.

Source of this disease is not known with certainty, but rather because the process penuaan.

Some scientists estimate that senility is related to the formation of and changes in nerve cells that normally become a kind of fiber.

 

Carry a risk for Alzheimer increased in line with the growing age.

"At the age of about 65 years old, a five per cent risk for the disease and this risk is increased two-fold every five years," according to expert Psikogeriatrik, Office Medicine Psychology, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Center (PPUM), Dr. Esther Ebeenezer. Although senility often associated with old age, but that people with Alzheimer who first identified the beginning of a woman aged 50 annual.

 

Alzheimer History

This disease is found by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1907 is called the Alzheimer appropriate name penemunya. Alzheimer found that people with Alzheimer brain nerve not only frown, even met extraordinary cloud of protein called plaque amiloid fiber and a kink (Neuro fibrillary). Amiloid proteins that form cell-cell protein plaque, the cause is brain chemistry changes. Musnahnya nerve cells is causing the brain nerve function convey messages from one neuron to another neuron affected.

 

Although already discovered almost a century ago, the Alzheimer disease is not seterkenal like hypertension, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or heart disease.

Perhaps because the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease is not immediately visible, which is different from hypertension can be monitored through blood pressure checks. Alzheimer's Disease is not detected because of the suspicion that often forget is that reasonable people are more experienced because of the age factor. While it may be "often forgotten" is a sign of early Alzheimer's Disease.

 

Alzheimer's Disease become more widely known after the former President of the United States to-40, Ronald Reagan himself explained the situation in the suratnya dated 5 November 1994. Latest clinical research shows that consumption of fatty acid supplement omega-3 may slow the rate of decline in cognitive function of Alzheimer light.

 

Symptoms of illness and level of disease:

Mild symptoms in the leg can be: forget where the key store, forget to take money change, want to forget what to buy in a store, forget the phone number or do not remember which drugs are usually eaten every day.

 

At the secondary level: the patient, for example, forget to mix sugar in beverages, salt in cooking or forget how to beat in the sugar glass.

 

On a serious level, people are not able to do things such as the self, no longer recognize the circumstances around the house, do not recognize friends or family members nearby.

 

Alzheimer patients can become aggressive, angry and quick to lose interest or hobby that interact diminatinya ever. People with severe or secondary level may show strange behavior, such as scream, let the people or to anywhere, even in spite of the person to the toilet.

 

In addition, patients can also experience such as halusinasi hear voices or whisper softly, or see the frightening shadows. People also sometimes go back and forth without purpose they sleep pattern also changed.

People will usually be more sleep in the afternoon and continue awake at night.

Circumstances are not directly provide mental pressure to the nurse or family member who must be vigilant to maintain the patient during the'36 hours' day.

 

Most Alzheimer patients died due to pneumonia or pneumonia because they can not do other physical activities.

The sad,

is that the sick people themselves do not understand what's going on themselves and other people need help. Bad news is Alzheimer's Disease, can not be cured. However, the symptoms can still be controlled with medication.

Drugs that are given at the beginning, can help people with memory, such as cognitive function, activity and behavior sehari2.

 

Prevalence

Around 1950, an estimated 2.5 million people around the world suffering from this disease.

In 2003, World Health Organization (WHO) estimates more than one billion people aged above 60 years or 10 percent of the world population suffering from Alzheimer.

Increasing the number of people with Alzheimer related to the increasing number of citizens of the world of information, and the age or length of life of the world.

Age life of women increased to reach the age of 80 years and men reaching the age of 75 years. In addition, the maintenance factor of the better health and declining birth rate.

 

  People suffering from Alzheimer risk:

* People with hypertension with age above 40 years

* People with diabetes

* Lack of exercise

* A high cholesterol level

* The offspring - have families who suffer Alzheimer at age 50-an.
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